TOEFL Junior · Unit 9 · B1-B2

Unit 9 · 历史 History

本单元语法主线：被动语态。题型覆盖听力理解（校园对话/通知/讲座）、语言形式与含义（语法词汇四选一）、阅读理解（课文/广告/信件）。学完后建议进入 深化页：被动语态。

01 主题语篇 · Reading & Listening

The ancient city of Pompeii was buried by a volcano in 79 AD. For over 1,500 years, the city was forgotten. Then, in 1748, it was discovered by a farmer who was digging in his field. Since then, Pompeii has been studied by archaeologists from all over the world. Many paintings and artifacts have been found in the houses. The city is now visited by millions of tourists every year. Last year, a new exhibition was opened in the museum. It was named The Last Day of Pompeii. When the volcano erupted, ash was thrown into the sky. The ash was carried by the wind and was dropped on the city. Many people were killed by the ash, but their bodies were preserved in the ash for centuries. Today, we can see exactly how people lived nearly two thousand years ago. The story of Pompeii is often told as a warning — nature is stronger than human power.
庞贝古城在公元 79 年被一座火山掩埋。一千五百多年里这座城被人遗忘。后来在 1748 年，它被一个在田里挖地的农民发现。从那以后，庞贝被来自世界各地的考古学家研究。房屋里发现了许多绘画和文物。这座城现在每年接待数百万游客。去年博物馆开了一个新展览，叫庞贝的最后一天。火山爆发时，灰烬被抛向天空，被风带走，落在城市上。很多人被灰烬夺去生命，但他们的遗体在灰烬中保存了几个世纪。今天我们能看到近两千年前人们的生活。庞贝的故事常被当作警示——自然比人类的力量更强大。
核心词块：ancient, volcano, bury, discover, archaeologist, artifact, exhibition, erupt, ash, preserve

02 词汇延展 · Word Expansion

历史考古
ancient, civilization, dynasty, empire, century, archaeologist, artifact, tomb
artifact 文物
自然事件
volcano, erupt, earthquake, flood, ash, lava, storm, disaster
erupt 爆发
动作动词
bury, discover, preserve, destroy, build, invade, rule, found
found 建立
被动标志
be + 过去分词, by + 动作执行者
The city was buried by ash.
时间表达
in 79 AD, for 1500 years, since 1748, nearly two thousand years ago
BC/AD 公元前/公元后

03 语法延展 · Grammar (B1-B2 爬坡)

一般现在被动
am/is/are + done
The city is visited by tourists every year.
一般过去被动
was/were + done
Pompeii was buried in 79 AD.
现在完成被动
have/has been + done
Many artifacts have been found.
情态被动
must/should + be + done
The story should be told as a warning.

⚠ 易错陷阱

  • ① be 动词随时态变： 现在 is/are done；过去 was/were done；完成 have been done。别漏 be 动词。
  • ② 过去分词不规则： bury-buried, find-found, build-built, write-written。别写 finded/builded。
  • ③ by 短语可省： 不知道/不必说谁做的就省 by：The city was buried.
  • 考试怎么考： Reading 历史文章大量被动；Language Form 考 The museum ___ (open) last year. → was opened。

04 功能句型 · Functional Patterns

口语 · 讲历史
Tell me about an ancient place you have learned about.
Pompeii was buried by a volcano in 79 AD. It was discovered in 1748. Today it is visited by millions of tourists.
历史话题用被动语态最自然。
写作 · 历史报告
The Great Wall was built over 2,000 years ago. It is visited by millions of people every year. Many artifacts have been found.
被动语态让历史报告更客观。
听力 · 博物馆讲解
This vase was made by Greek artists. It was found in a tomb. It has been kept in this museum since 1950.
讲解词里被动语态密集。

05 考点自测 · Self Check

1（填空）：
The bridge ___ (build) in 1990.
查看答案
was built（in 1990 过去被动）
2（选择）：
Many houses ___ by the storm last night. A. were destroyed B. destroyed C. are destroyed
查看答案
A（last night 过去被动，houses 复数 were）
3（填空）：
English ___ (speak) all over the world.
查看答案
is spoken（一般现在被动，English 不可数）
4（改错）：
The book was write by a famous author.
查看答案
The book was written（write 过去分词 written）
5（易混）：
The new school ___ (open) by the mayor last week.（主动还是被动？）
查看答案
was opened（被市长开，被动）
6（场景）：
用被动语态写一句你家乡的一座老建筑。
查看答案
示范：The old temple was built 500 years ago and is visited by many tourists.
7（听力）：
This vase ___ (make) by Greek artists. 填什么？
查看答案
was made（被希腊艺术家制作）
8（写作）：
写 3 句介绍一个历史事件（被动语态）。
查看答案
示范：The Great Wall was built 2,000 years ago. It is visited by millions. Many artifacts have been found in the tombs.

06 拓展阅读 · Extended Passage（听力原稿风格）

The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous buildings in the world. It was built more than two thousand years ago. First, it was made of earth and wood. Later, during the Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt with stones and bricks. The wall was built to protect the country from enemies. It is about 21,000 kilometers long. Millions of workers worked on it, and many of them died. Today, the Great Wall is visited by millions of tourists every year. It is also recognized as a World Heritage Site. Parts of the wall have been damaged by time and weather. In recent years, it has been repaired by experts. The wall is often described as the greatest man-made wonder. Have you ever climbed the Great Wall? What did you see?
中国长城是世界最著名建筑之一。它建于两千多年前。最早用土和木头筑成。后来明朝时用砖石重建。修长城是为了抵御敌人。它约 21000 公里长。数百万工人修建，很多人死去。今天长城每年接待数百万游客。它还被列为世界遗产。部分城墙被岁月和天气损毁。近年来专家对它进行了修复。长城常被描述为最伟大的人造奇迹。你爬过长城吗？你看到了什么？

07 可直接套用句型（10 句）

  • The Great Wall was built more than two thousand years ago.
  • First, it was made of earth and wood.
  • Later, it was rebuilt with stones and bricks.
  • The wall was built to protect the country.
  • It is about 21,000 kilometers long.
  • The Great Wall is visited by millions of tourists.
  • It is recognized as a World Heritage Site.
  • Parts of the wall have been repaired by experts.
  • The wall is often described as a great wonder.
  • Have you ever climbed the Great Wall?

08 加练 6 题（含答案）

9（填空）
The bridge ___ (build) in 1990.
查看答案
was built
10（选择）
Many houses ___ by the storm. A. were destroyed B. destroyed C. are destroyed
查看答案
A
11（填空）
English ___ (speak) all over the world.
查看答案
is spoken
12（改错）
The book was write by Lu Xun.
查看答案
The book was written
13（场景）
用被动语态写一句你家乡的一座老建筑。
查看答案
示范：The old temple was built 500 years ago.
14（听力）
It ___ (recognize) as a World Heritage Site.
查看答案
is recognized

09 听力原稿精听（Listening Script）

M: Hey, are you going to the school fair this Saturday? W: I am not sure. I have a lot of homework this week. M: But the fair only happens once a year. There will be games, food, and a concert in the afternoon. W: Really? What time does it start? M: It starts at ten in the morning. The concert begins at three. W: How much is the ticket? M: It is five dollars for students, and eight for adults. Half price if you bring a food donation. W: That sounds like a good deal. I will ask my mom. Maybe I can finish my homework on Friday night. M: Great! Let me know. I will save you a ticket. W: Thanks. See you on Saturday, hopefully. M: See you!
男：嘿，这周六你去学校游园会吗？ 女：不确定。我这周作业很多。 男：但游园会一年才一次。有游戏、食物，下午还有音乐会。 女：真的？几点开始？ 男：上午十点开始。音乐会三点开始。 女：票多少钱？ 男：学生五美元，成人八美元。带食物捐赠半价。 女：听起来挺值。我问问我妈。也许我周五晚上能写完作业。 男：好！告诉我。我给你留张票。 女：谢谢。周六见，希望能去。 男：再见！
精听要点：抓时间（ten / three）、价格（five / eight / half price）、条件（if you bring / if you finish）。小托福听力题常考"他/她最后决定去不去"——听最后两句。

10 词汇例句扩展（每词配一句）

academic
The new library has more academic books than last year.
academic adj. 学术的
assignment
Our English teacher gave us a writing assignment.
assignment n. 作业
schedule
Check the schedule to see when the bus leaves.
schedule n. 时间表
opportunity
This trip is a great opportunity to practice English.
opportunity n. 机会
experience
Working on the farm was an unforgettable experience.
experience n. 经历；经验
improve
Reading every day will improve your vocabulary.
improve v. 提高
challenge
Learning a new language is a big challenge.
challenge n. 挑战
achieve
If you work hard, you will achieve your goal.
achieve v. 实现

11 写作范文（Email / Notice）

Dear classmates, We are going to have a class party next Friday after school. It will be in Room 301. We will have snacks, music, and games. Please bring one dish to share. If you cannot come, please tell me by Wednesday. We also need three volunteers to help clean the room after the party. If you are interested, please write to me. I hope to see everyone there! Best, Linda
亲爱的同学们： 下周五放学后我们要办班级派对，在 301 教室。有零食、音乐和游戏。请带一道菜分享。如果不能来，请周三前告诉我。 我们还需要三名志愿者派对后帮忙打扫。有兴趣请写信给我。 希望大家都来！ Linda 敬上
小托福写作常考"写邮件通知某事"。结构：开头点明目的 → 时间地点活动 → 要求/邀请 → 结尾。用一般现在时通知安排，用 will 说将要发生的事。

12 阅读广告/信件类真题风格

SUMMER CAMP 2026
Where: Green Lake Park, 20 km from the city center
When: July 10 – July 24 (two weeks)
Who: Students aged 11–15
Activities: swimming, hiking, arts and crafts, team games, movie nights
Price: $250 per student (meals and bus included)
Sign up: before June 30 at the school office. Spaces are limited to 40 students.
For more information, ask Mr. Brown in Room 205.
2026 夏令营
地点：绿湖公园，距市中心 20 公里
时间：7 月 10 日 – 7 月 24 日（两周）
对象：11–15 岁学生
活动：游泳、徒步、手工、团队游戏、电影之夜
费用：每人 250 美元（含餐食和大巴）
报名：6 月 30 日前到教务处。名额限 40 人。
详情问 205 室 Brown 老师。
阅读理解题示例：Q: How long is the camp? A: Two weeks. Q: What is the price? A: $250. Q: Where do you sign up? A: At the school office. 小托福阅读广告题就考这种细节定位。

13 小托福题型答题技巧（4 条）

📌 应试策略

  • 听力：听前先读选项，猜话题。听第二个人的回答，往往答案就在那里。
  • 语言形式：先找时间标志词（yesterday / every day / already），定时态再选变形。
  • 阅读：先读题，带着问题回原文定位。广告/通知类直接找数字和地点。
  • 时间管理：不会的题先跳过，做完有时间再回来。别在一道题上卡 5 分钟。

14 单元小结与下一步

✅ 学完本单元你应该能：

  • 听懂校园对话中关于时间、地点、价格的关键信息。
  • 在四选一语法题中正确选择动词时态/变形。
  • 读懂广告、通知、简短信件并提取细节。
  • 用本单元句型写 3–5 句连贯的英文邮件或段落。
下一步：进入对应 知识深化页（左侧导航或文末链接），把语法点的规则、变形、易错点彻底吃透；然后回到本页重做题，直到全部答对。12 单元按 A2→B2 顺序推进，不要跳级。

15 本单元高频词自测（10 词中译英）

  1. 闹钟响了。 → The bell ___.
  2. 我走路上学。 → I ___ to school.
  3. 她正在吃饭。 → She ___ right now.
  4. 我们去年去了北京。 → We ___ to Beijing last year.
  5. 这是我见过最好的电影。 → It is the ___ film I have ever seen.
  6. 明天会下雨。 → It ___ rain tomorrow.
  7. 我已经完成作业了。 → I ___ my homework already.
  8. 你应该多喝水。 → You ___ drink more water.
  9. 正在说话的女孩是我妹妹。 → The girl ___ is speaking is my sister.
  10. 如果明天下雨，我们就待在家。 → If it ___ tomorrow, we will stay home.
参考答案
1. rings 2. walk 3. is eating 4. went 5. best 6. will 7. have finished 8. should 9. who 10. rains
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