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B2
连接词与篇章逻辑
对应 Unit 12 · 全球议题（Global Issues）· CEFR B2 · 小托福语法核心
① 学习路径（3 步走）
| 阶段 | 目标 | 时间 |
|---|
| 第 1 步 · 识别 | 能在课文里认出 连接词与篇章逻辑 的标志词和结构 | 1 天 |
| 第 2 步 · 规则 | 背熟变形规则与例外，做 20 道填空 | 2 天 |
| 第 3 步 · 输出 | 口语说 3 句、写作写 5 句，对照陷阱自查 | 2 天 |
建议配合 Unit 12 课文一起学：先读课文找例子，再回到本页看规则。
② 知识地图
连接词与篇章逻辑
├─ 基本结构（肯定 / 否定 / 疑问）
├─ 标志词（看到就用）
├─ 常见例外与不规则
├─ 与近义结构的区别
└─ 在听力/阅读/写作中的考点
③ 本质理解
连接词与篇章逻辑 是小托福 B2 阶段的核心语法点。它解决的问题是：当你想表达时间、状态、条件或修饰关系时，动词该怎么变形。不要死背规则，要先理解它在句子里承担什么功能——是描述习惯？是讲过去？是预测未来？还是给名词加修饰？
小托福语言形式与含义部分（Language Form and Meaning）约 30% 的题目直接考这个点。
④ 变形与用法表
| 规则 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|
| however | 然而（句首/句中，前后逗号） | However, many challenges remain. |
| therefore | 因此（句首/句中） | Therefore, we must build more schools. |
| although | 尽管（+ 从句） | Although progress is slow, millions are in school. |
| in addition / moreover | 此外（递进） | In addition, teachers are being trained. |
⑤ 三大题型用法
听力理解 Listening
校园对话/通知/讲座里，连接词与篇章逻辑 常出现在老师布置任务、通知时间、解释规则时。抓标志词。
语言形式 Language Form
四选一填空：给句子挖空，选正确变形。考点就是上面变形表里的规则。
阅读理解 Reading
课文/广告/信件里出现时，它承载关键信息（时间、条件、原因）。读题时先定位它。
⑥ 易错陷阱（高频丢分点）
- ① however 不是连词： however 是副词，不能直接连接两个句子。✗ I was tired, however I went out. → ✓ I was tired. However, I went out.
- ② although + 句子，despite + 名词： Although it was raining, we went. / Despite the rain, we went.（despite 后不加句子）。
- ③ therefore 前后标点： therefore 放句首加逗号；We were tired; therefore, we went home early.
- 考试怎么考： Reading 大量连接词考作者态度；Writing 用上 however/therefore/moreover 直接提分。
⑦ 小托福考点拆解
| 题型 | 怎么考 | 解题策略 |
|---|
| 听力对话 | 两人讨论计划/规则，连接词与篇章逻辑 出现在答句 | 听第二个人的回答，抓动词变形 |
| 语言形式 | 四选一：给动词选正确形式 | 先找时间标志词，再定时态 |
| 阅读理解 | 问某句话的含义/原因 | 定位 连接词与篇章逻辑 所在句，答案就在前后一句 |
⑧ 必背例句（5 句）
1. Around the world, millions of children cannot go to school.
2. Poverty is one of the main reasons.
3. However, education can break the cycle of poverty.
4. Therefore, many countries are working to build more schools.
5. In addition, international organizations are training more teachers.
这 5 句来自 Unit 12 课文，熟读后能脱口而出，考试时直接套用。
⑨ 口语实战句型
口语 · 表达观点
What can we do to help poor children?
I think we can donate books. In addition, we can volunteer. However, the government should build more schools. Therefore, everyone should help.
观点口语用连接词串起来。
写作 · 议论文
Although poverty is a big problem, education can help. As a result, countries should build more schools. In conclusion, education is a basic right.
议论文四段：观点→原因→转折→结论。
听力 · 讲座总结
However, climate change is a new challenge. Therefore, schools must be rebuilt. For example, floods have destroyed many schools.
讲座里连接词是逻辑路标。
⑩ 分层练习（8 题）
| 题号 | 题目 | 答案 |
|---|
| 1（填空）： | It was raining. ___, we went out. (But / However) | However（句首独立成句） |
| 2（选择）： | He was ill. ___, he did not go to school. A. Because B. Therefore C. Although | B（因果：因此他没上学） |
| 3（填空）： | ___ it was expensive, she bought the dress. (Although / Despite) | Although（后接句子 it was expensive） |
| 4（改错）： | Although he was tired, but he kept working. | Although 和 but 不能同时用：Although he was tired, he kept working. |
| 5（易混）： | ___ the rain, we stayed at home. (Because / Because of) | Because of（the rain 是名词） |
| 6（场景）： | 用 however 写一句对比句。 | 示范：The test was hard. However, I think I did well. |
| 7（听力）： | ___, many challenges remain. We must work harder. 填什么连接词？ | However（转折：然而挑战依然存在） |
| 8（写作）： | 写一段 4 句小短文谈环保，用上 however / therefore / in addition。 | 示范：Pollution is a serious problem. However, we can help by recycling. In addition, we should save water. Therefore, everyone should do their part. |
⑪ 7 天记忆计划
| 天 | 任务 |
|---|
| Day 1 | 读 Unit 12 课文，圈出所有 连接词与篇章逻辑 的例子 |
| Day 2 | 背变形表（模块④），做 10 道填空 |
| Day 3 | 看陷阱（模块⑥），重做错题 |
| Day 4 | 背 5 个例句（模块⑧），跟读录音 |
| Day 5 | 口语练 3 个功能句（模块⑨） |
| Day 6 | 完成 8 题分层练习（模块⑩） |
| Day 7 | 回 Unit 12 课文，不看中文复述英文段落 |
⑫ 拓展思维导图分支
核心结构
├─ 肯定句：主语 + 动词变形 + 宾语
├─ 否定句：主语 + 助动词 + not + 动词原形
├─ 疑问句：助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形？
├─ 简略回答：Yes, 主语 + 助动词 / No, 主语 + 助动词 + not
├─ 常见时间标志词
└─ 与近义结构的辨析
把上面 5 个分支抄在笔记本上，每次做题前先问自己：这句考哪个分支？
⑬ 完整变形与用法表（补充）
| 句式 | 结构 | 例句 | 注意 |
|---|
| 肯定 | 主语 + 动词变形 | She walks to school. | 第三人称单数加 s |
| 否定 | 主语 + don't/doesn't + 原形 | She doesn't walk. | doesn't 后用原形 |
| 一般疑问 | Do/Does + 主语 + 原形？ | Does she walk? | Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. |
| 特殊疑问 | 疑问词 + do/does + 主语 + 原形？ | Where does she walk? | 疑问词放句首 |
⑭ 高频错误 5 例（具体）
- 错误 1：He don't like apples. → 正确：He doesn't like apples.（第三人称用 doesn't）
- 错误 2：She is play tennis. → 正确：She plays tennis. / She is playing tennis.（不能同时用 be 和实义动词现在时）
- 错误 3：I often go to park. → 正确：I often go to the park.（park 可数要加冠词）
- 错误 4：He go to school by bus. → 正确：He goes to school by bus.（三单加 es）
- 错误 5：What you usually do on weekends? → 正确：What do you usually do on weekends?（疑问句要加助动词）
⑮ 真题演练 3 题（含解析）
| # | 题目 | 答案与解析 |
|---|
| 1 | Listen! Someone ___ at the door. (knock / is knocking) | is knocking。Listen! 是现在进行时标志，表示此刻正在发生。 |
| 2 | My father ___ to work by car every day. (go / goes / is going) | goes。every day 是一般现在时标志，father 三单。 |
| 3 | What ___ you ___ now? — I ___ my homework. (do / do) | are / doing; am doing。now 提示现在进行。 |
⑯ 分层练习 18 题（基础 6 + 中档 6 + 拔高 6，含解析）
基础（6 题）
| # | 题目 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|
| B1 | It was late. ___, we went home. | Therefore | — |
| B2 | He was tired. ___, he kept working. | However | — |
| B3 | ___ it was expensive, she bought it. | Although | — |
| B4 | She was sick. ___, she stayed home. | As a result / Therefore | — |
| B5 | I like coffee; ___, I don't drink it at night. | however | — |
| B6 | ___ the rain, we stayed home. | Because of | — |
中档（6 题）
| # | 题目 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|
| M1 | He is smart. ___, he is lazy. | However | — |
| M2 | It was raining. ___, we canceled the picnic. | Therefore | — |
| M3 | ___ he is young, he knows a lot. | Although / Though | — |
| M4 | The house was small. ___, it was cozy. | However | — |
| M5 | She studied hard. ___, she passed. | As a result | — |
| M6 | I like dogs. ___, I also like cats. | In addition / Moreover | — |
拔高（6 题）
| # | 题目 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|
| H1 | ___ the heavy snow, the flight was canceled. | Because of | — |
| H2 | He was ill; ___, he didn't come. | therefore | — |
| H3 | ___ it was cold, we went out. | Although | — |
| H4 | The test was hard. ___, most students passed. | However / Nevertheless | — |
| H5 | He didn't study. ___, he failed. | Therefore / As a result | — |
| H6 | The book was long. ___, it was interesting. | However | — |
⑰ 常见搭配与介词（Collocations）
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|
| be good at | 擅长 | She is good at math. |
| be interested in | 对…感兴趣 | I am interested in history. |
| be afraid of | 害怕 | He is afraid of dogs. |
| look forward to | 期待 | I look forward to seeing you. |
| listen to | 听 | Listen to the teacher. |
| wait for | 等待 | I am waiting for the bus. |
| depend on | 取决于 | It depends on the weather. |
| belong to | 属于 | This book belongs to me. |
⑱ 同根词词族（Word Family）
| 动词 | 名词 | 形容词 | 例句 |
|---|
| act | action / actor | active | Take action. / He is active. |
| care | care | careful / careless | Be careful! / a careless mistake |
| use | use | useful / useless | This tool is useful. |
| help | help | helpful / helpless | She is helpful. |
| hope | hope | hopeful / hopeless | I feel hopeful. |
| enjoy | enjoyment | enjoyable | an enjoyable trip |
| success | success | successful | a successful project |
| different | difference | different | a big difference |
⑲ 口语 Part 1 高频问题 5 个
- What do you usually do on weekends? — I usually play basketball with my friends. Sometimes I visit my grandparents.
- What is your favorite subject? Why? — My favorite subject is English because I like watching American movies.
- How do you get to school? — I walk to school with my friend. It takes about fifteen minutes.
- What did you do last weekend? — I went to the park with my family. We had a picnic.
- What are you going to do next summer? — I am going to take a swimming class. I want to be a better swimmer.
每个回答 2–3 句，先给直接答案，再补一个细节。别只说 Yes/No。
⑳ 听力高频场景词（场景词汇包）
| 场景 | 高频词 |
|---|
| 校园 | classroom, library, cafeteria, playground, textbook, homework, quiz, bell, principal, locker |
| 图书馆 | borrow, return, due, shelf, catalog, reference, quiet, overdue, fine |
| 食堂 | menu, order, bill, tip, dish, delicious, waiter, snack, dessert |
| 旅行 | airport, flight, ticket, passport, suitcase, hotel, map, landmark, tourist |
| 看病 | headache, fever, medicine, rest, appointment, nurse, symptom, prescription |
| 商店 | discount, size, fitting room, receipt, cash, credit card, bargain, shelf |
㉑ 常见中式英语错误（Chinglish）
- ✗ I very like English. → ✓ I like English very much.（very 不能直接修饰动词）
- ✗ I go to home. → ✓ I go home.（home 前不加 to）
- ✗ Although it was rain, but we went out. → ✓ Although it rained, we went out.（although 和 but 不连用）
- ✗ My father is very work. → ✓ My father works very hard.（work 是动词不是形容词）
- ✗ I am boring. → ✓ I am bored.（boring = 令人无聊；bored = 感到无聊）
- ✗ He suggests me to go. → ✓ He suggests going / He suggests that I go.（suggest 不接 sb to do）
㉒ 高频动词不规则变化表（TOP 20）
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|
| go | went | gone/been |
| come | came | come |
| see | saw | seen |
| take | took | taken |
| give | gave | given |
| make | made | made |
| take | took | taken |
| write | wrote | written |
| read | read | read |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| swim | swam | swum |
| run | ran | run |
| begin | began | begun |
| sing | sang | sung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| know | knew | known |
| grow | grew | grown |
| throw | threw | thrown |
㉓ 小托福分数对应 CEFR 参考
| 小托福分数段 | CEFR | 能力描述 |
|---|
| 400–500 | A2 | 能理解简单校园对话，写短邮件 |
| 510–700 | B1 | 能听懂校园通知，读简单课文，写段落 |
| 710–900 | B2 | 能听懂学术讲座，读广告/书信，写完整作文 |
㉔ 复习自检清单（Checklist）
- ☐ 我能不看笔记说出本语法点的 3 条核心规则。
- ☐ 我能造出 5 个正确句子（肯定/否定/疑问各至少 1 句）。
- ☐ 我能说出 3 个中国学生最常犯的错误。
- ☐ 我能在阅读课文中认出本语法点并解释它的作用。
- ☐ 我能在口语 Part 1 回答中自然用上本语法点。
- ☐ 分层练习 18 题我至少做对 15 题。
6 项中做到 5 项以上，说明本语法点已掌握；否则回到模块④变形表重背，再做一遍错题。
㉕ 推荐拓展资源
- ETS 官方小托福页面：ets.org/toefl_junior（官方样题、分数对照）。
- 可汗学院英语语法专区（免费）：按 A1–B2 级别选练。
- 每天 15 分钟：BBC Learning English 6 Minute English，练听力与词汇。
- 写作练习：用本单元句型写 3 句日记，发给老师或自己对照范文。
㉖ 一页纸总结（Cheat Sheet）
本语法点一句话总结：
- 用什么结构：[动词变形]
- 什么时候用：[时间/场景标志]
- 肯定：主语 + 变形 + 宾语
- 否定：主语 + 助动词 + not + 原形
- 疑问：助动词 + 主语 + 原形？
- 最常见错点：[三单 s / 时间标志 / 不规则过去分词]
- 记忆口诀：看到标志想时态，看到主语想三单，看到完成想 have done。
把这张 cheat sheet 打印出来贴在书桌前，做题前扫一眼。一周后你会发现它已经长在脑子里了。
㉗ 与其他语法点的联系
- 时态要和时间状语一致：看到 yesterday 用过去，看到 already 用完成。
- 主谓一致：第三人称单数主语，一般现在时动词加 s。
- 被动语态：be + 过去分词，时态由 be 动词体现。
- 从句中的时态：主句过去时，从句通常也用过去时（间接引语规则）。
- 情态动词后永远接动词原形，不管主语是谁。
㉘ 教师批注：这个语法点怎么考
小托福语言形式与含义部分（Language Form and Meaning）约 30 道题，每题给一个句子挖空，从四个选项中选正确变形。监考老师多年经验：80% 的题可以靠"标志词"秒选——看到 every day 就一般现在，看到 yesterday 就一般过去，看到 already 就现在完成，看到 if + 现在就第一类条件句。剩下 20% 考不规则变形和主谓一致，必须靠背。
阅读部分考这个语法点时，通常不直接问"这是什么时态"，而是问"这句话暗示了什么"或"为什么作者用这个词"。这时你要识别：被动语态 = 强调动作而不是人；现在完成 = 强调对现在的影响；情态动词 = 表达建议/规则/可能性。
考场提醒：涂卡前再扫一眼主语是不是第三人称单数，动词有没有加 s；否定句和疑问句里助动词后面的动词是不是原形。这两个错误中国学生每年丢分最多。