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A2-B1
情态动词 can/must/should
对应 Unit 6 · 健康（Health）· CEFR A2-B1 · 小托福语法核心
① 学习路径（3 步走）
| 阶段 | 目标 | 时间 |
|---|
| 第 1 步 · 识别 | 能在课文里认出 情态动词 can/must/should 的标志词和结构 | 1 天 |
| 第 2 步 · 规则 | 背熟变形规则与例外，做 20 道填空 | 2 天 |
| 第 3 步 · 输出 | 口语说 3 句、写作写 5 句，对照陷阱自查 | 2 天 |
建议配合 Unit 6 课文一起学：先读课文找例子，再回到本页看规则。
② 知识地图
情态动词 can/must/should
├─ 基本结构（肯定 / 否定 / 疑问）
├─ 标志词（看到就用）
├─ 常见例外与不规则
├─ 与近义结构的区别
└─ 在听力/阅读/写作中的考点
③ 本质理解
情态动词 can/must/should 是小托福 A2-B1 阶段的核心语法点。它解决的问题是：当你想表达时间、状态、条件或修饰关系时，动词该怎么变形。不要死背规则，要先理解它在句子里承担什么功能——是描述习惯？是讲过去？是预测未来？还是给名词加修饰？
小托福语言形式与含义部分（Language Form and Meaning）约 30% 的题目直接考这个点。
④ 变形与用法表
| 规则 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|
| can/could | 能力、请求许可 | You can exercise anywhere. / Could I drink water? |
| must | 主观必须 | You must sleep 8 hours. |
| have to | 客观必须 | I have to finish my project tonight. |
| should/should not | 应该/不应该（建议） | You should see a doctor. / You should not have caffeine. |
⑤ 三大题型用法
听力理解 Listening
校园对话/通知/讲座里，情态动词 can/must/should 常出现在老师布置任务、通知时间、解释规则时。抓标志词。
语言形式 Language Form
四选一填空：给句子挖空，选正确变形。考点就是上面变形表里的规则。
阅读理解 Reading
课文/广告/信件里出现时，它承载关键信息（时间、条件、原因）。读题时先定位它。
⑥ 易错陷阱（高频丢分点）
- ① must not 不等于 don't have to： must not = 禁止（You must not smoke）；don't have to = 不必（You don't have to come）。完全相反。
- ② 情态动词 + 原形： ✗ You should to rest. → ✓ You should rest（情态动词后不加 to）。
- ③ must 无过去时： 过去的必须用 had to：I had to finish it yesterday. 不能说 musted。
- 考试怎么考： Language Form 考医生建议：You ___ drink more water. (should / mustn't) → should。
⑦ 小托福考点拆解
| 题型 | 怎么考 | 解题策略 |
|---|
| 听力对话 | 两人讨论计划/规则，情态动词 can/must/should 出现在答句 | 听第二个人的回答，抓动词变形 |
| 语言形式 | 四选一：给动词选正确形式 | 先找时间标志词，再定时态 |
| 阅读理解 | 问某句话的含义/原因 | 定位 情态动词 can/must/should 所在句，答案就在前后一句 |
⑧ 必背例句（5 句）
1. At our school, the nurse gives a health talk every month.
2. Last week, she talked about staying fit.
3. You can exercise almost anywhere, she said.
4. You do not need a gym.
5. You should walk or ride a bike instead of taking the bus.
这 5 句来自 Unit 6 课文，熟读后能脱口而出，考试时直接套用。
⑨ 口语实战句型
口语 · 看医生对话
What's the matter? I have a headache and a fever.
You should drink more water. You must not go to school today. You should rest.
医生建议用 should；禁令用 must not。
写作 · 健康倡议
Students should exercise every day. We must not eat too much junk food. We have to sleep eight hours.
倡议信里 should/must not 高频。
听力 · 校医广播
If you have a fever, you must go to the nurse office. You should not take medicine without asking.
must / should not 是规则关键词。
⑩ 分层练习（8 题）
| 题号 | 题目 | 答案 |
|---|
| 1（填空）： | You ___ (should / must not) smoke in the hospital. It is forbidden. | must not（forbidden = 禁止） |
| 2（选择）： | I ___ finish my homework tonight because it is due tomorrow. A. have to B. can C. may | A（due tomorrow 客观必须） |
| 3（填空）： | You look tired. You ___ go to bed early. | should（建议） |
| 4（改错）： | You should to drink more water. | You should drink（should 后不加 to） |
| 5（易混）： | You ___ come to the party if you do not want to. (must not / do not have to) | do not have to（不想来就不必来，不是禁止） |
| 6（场景）： | 用英语给朋友一条健康建议（用 should）。 | 示范：You should drink more water and sleep eight hours every night. |
| 7（听力）： | Students ___ run in the hallway. It is dangerous. 填 must not 还是 should？ | must not（dangerous = 禁止跑） |
| 8（写作）： | 写 3 句健康规则（用 must / must not / should）。 | 示范：We must sleep eight hours. We must not eat too much junk food. We should exercise every day. |
⑪ 7 天记忆计划
| 天 | 任务 |
|---|
| Day 1 | 读 Unit 6 课文，圈出所有 情态动词 can/must/should 的例子 |
| Day 2 | 背变形表（模块④），做 10 道填空 |
| Day 3 | 看陷阱（模块⑥），重做错题 |
| Day 4 | 背 5 个例句（模块⑧），跟读录音 |
| Day 5 | 口语练 3 个功能句（模块⑨） |
| Day 6 | 完成 8 题分层练习（模块⑩） |
| Day 7 | 回 Unit 6 课文，不看中文复述英文段落 |
⑫ 拓展思维导图分支
核心结构
├─ 肯定句：主语 + 动词变形 + 宾语
├─ 否定句：主语 + 助动词 + not + 动词原形
├─ 疑问句：助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形？
├─ 简略回答：Yes, 主语 + 助动词 / No, 主语 + 助动词 + not
├─ 常见时间标志词
└─ 与近义结构的辨析
把上面 5 个分支抄在笔记本上，每次做题前先问自己：这句考哪个分支？
⑬ 完整变形与用法表（补充）
| 句式 | 结构 | 例句 | 注意 |
|---|
| 肯定 | 主语 + 动词变形 | She walks to school. | 第三人称单数加 s |
| 否定 | 主语 + don't/doesn't + 原形 | She doesn't walk. | doesn't 后用原形 |
| 一般疑问 | Do/Does + 主语 + 原形？ | Does she walk? | Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. |
| 特殊疑问 | 疑问词 + do/does + 主语 + 原形？ | Where does she walk? | 疑问词放句首 |
⑭ 高频错误 5 例（具体）
- 错误 1：He don't like apples. → 正确：He doesn't like apples.（第三人称用 doesn't）
- 错误 2：She is play tennis. → 正确：She plays tennis. / She is playing tennis.（不能同时用 be 和实义动词现在时）
- 错误 3：I often go to park. → 正确：I often go to the park.（park 可数要加冠词）
- 错误 4：He go to school by bus. → 正确：He goes to school by bus.（三单加 es）
- 错误 5：What you usually do on weekends? → 正确：What do you usually do on weekends?（疑问句要加助动词）
⑮ 真题演练 3 题（含解析）
| # | 题目 | 答案与解析 |
|---|
| 1 | Listen! Someone ___ at the door. (knock / is knocking) | is knocking。Listen! 是现在进行时标志，表示此刻正在发生。 |
| 2 | My father ___ to work by car every day. (go / goes / is going) | goes。every day 是一般现在时标志，father 三单。 |
| 3 | What ___ you ___ now? — I ___ my homework. (do / do) | are / doing; am doing。now 提示现在进行。 |
⑯ 分层练习 18 题（基础 6 + 中档 6 + 拔高 6，含解析）
基础（6 题）
| # | 题目 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|
| B1 | You ___ smoke here. It's forbidden. | must not | — |
| B2 | You ___ drink more water. | should | — |
| B3 | I ___ finish this tonight. | have to | — |
| B4 | ___ I open the window? Yes, please. | Can / May | — |
| B5 | She ___ be hungry — she didn't eat lunch. | must | — |
| B6 | You ___ come if you don't want to. | don't have to | — |
中档（6 题）
| # | 题目 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|
| M1 | Students ___ run in the hallway. | must not | — |
| M2 | You look tired. You ___ rest. | should | — |
| M3 | I ___ go now, or I'll be late. | have to | — |
| M4 | ___ you help me, please? | Could | — |
| M5 | You ___ eat so much junk food. | shouldn't | — |
| M6 | She ___ play the piano very well. | can | — |
拔高（6 题）
| # | 题目 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|
| H1 | You ___ take photos in the museum. It's the rule. | must not | — |
| H2 | I'm not sure, but he ___ be at home. | may / might | — |
| H3 | You ___ worry — everything will be fine. | needn't / don't have to | — |
| H4 | Students ___ wear uniforms on Mondays. | have to | — |
| H5 | You ___ see a doctor if you feel sick. | should | — |
| H6 | ___ I borrow your pen? | Can / May | — |
⑰ 常见搭配与介词（Collocations）
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|
| be good at | 擅长 | She is good at math. |
| be interested in | 对…感兴趣 | I am interested in history. |
| be afraid of | 害怕 | He is afraid of dogs. |
| look forward to | 期待 | I look forward to seeing you. |
| listen to | 听 | Listen to the teacher. |
| wait for | 等待 | I am waiting for the bus. |
| depend on | 取决于 | It depends on the weather. |
| belong to | 属于 | This book belongs to me. |
⑱ 同根词词族（Word Family）
| 动词 | 名词 | 形容词 | 例句 |
|---|
| act | action / actor | active | Take action. / He is active. |
| care | care | careful / careless | Be careful! / a careless mistake |
| use | use | useful / useless | This tool is useful. |
| help | help | helpful / helpless | She is helpful. |
| hope | hope | hopeful / hopeless | I feel hopeful. |
| enjoy | enjoyment | enjoyable | an enjoyable trip |
| success | success | successful | a successful project |
| different | difference | different | a big difference |
⑲ 口语 Part 1 高频问题 5 个
- What do you usually do on weekends? — I usually play basketball with my friends. Sometimes I visit my grandparents.
- What is your favorite subject? Why? — My favorite subject is English because I like watching American movies.
- How do you get to school? — I walk to school with my friend. It takes about fifteen minutes.
- What did you do last weekend? — I went to the park with my family. We had a picnic.
- What are you going to do next summer? — I am going to take a swimming class. I want to be a better swimmer.
每个回答 2–3 句，先给直接答案，再补一个细节。别只说 Yes/No。
⑳ 听力高频场景词（场景词汇包）
| 场景 | 高频词 |
|---|
| 校园 | classroom, library, cafeteria, playground, textbook, homework, quiz, bell, principal, locker |
| 图书馆 | borrow, return, due, shelf, catalog, reference, quiet, overdue, fine |
| 食堂 | menu, order, bill, tip, dish, delicious, waiter, snack, dessert |
| 旅行 | airport, flight, ticket, passport, suitcase, hotel, map, landmark, tourist |
| 看病 | headache, fever, medicine, rest, appointment, nurse, symptom, prescription |
| 商店 | discount, size, fitting room, receipt, cash, credit card, bargain, shelf |
㉑ 常见中式英语错误（Chinglish）
- ✗ I very like English. → ✓ I like English very much.（very 不能直接修饰动词）
- ✗ I go to home. → ✓ I go home.（home 前不加 to）
- ✗ Although it was rain, but we went out. → ✓ Although it rained, we went out.（although 和 but 不连用）
- ✗ My father is very work. → ✓ My father works very hard.（work 是动词不是形容词）
- ✗ I am boring. → ✓ I am bored.（boring = 令人无聊；bored = 感到无聊）
- ✗ He suggests me to go. → ✓ He suggests going / He suggests that I go.（suggest 不接 sb to do）
㉒ 高频动词不规则变化表（TOP 20）
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|
| go | went | gone/been |
| come | came | come |
| see | saw | seen |
| take | took | taken |
| give | gave | given |
| make | made | made |
| take | took | taken |
| write | wrote | written |
| read | read | read |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| swim | swam | swum |
| run | ran | run |
| begin | began | begun |
| sing | sang | sung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| know | knew | known |
| grow | grew | grown |
| throw | threw | thrown |
㉓ 小托福分数对应 CEFR 参考
| 小托福分数段 | CEFR | 能力描述 |
|---|
| 400–500 | A2 | 能理解简单校园对话，写短邮件 |
| 510–700 | B1 | 能听懂校园通知，读简单课文，写段落 |
| 710–900 | B2 | 能听懂学术讲座，读广告/书信，写完整作文 |
㉔ 复习自检清单（Checklist）
- ☐ 我能不看笔记说出本语法点的 3 条核心规则。
- ☐ 我能造出 5 个正确句子（肯定/否定/疑问各至少 1 句）。
- ☐ 我能说出 3 个中国学生最常犯的错误。
- ☐ 我能在阅读课文中认出本语法点并解释它的作用。
- ☐ 我能在口语 Part 1 回答中自然用上本语法点。
- ☐ 分层练习 18 题我至少做对 15 题。
6 项中做到 5 项以上，说明本语法点已掌握；否则回到模块④变形表重背，再做一遍错题。
㉕ 推荐拓展资源
- ETS 官方小托福页面：ets.org/toefl_junior（官方样题、分数对照）。
- 可汗学院英语语法专区（免费）：按 A1–B2 级别选练。
- 每天 15 分钟：BBC Learning English 6 Minute English，练听力与词汇。
- 写作练习：用本单元句型写 3 句日记，发给老师或自己对照范文。
㉖ 一页纸总结（Cheat Sheet）
本语法点一句话总结：
- 用什么结构：[动词变形]
- 什么时候用：[时间/场景标志]
- 肯定：主语 + 变形 + 宾语
- 否定：主语 + 助动词 + not + 原形
- 疑问：助动词 + 主语 + 原形？
- 最常见错点：[三单 s / 时间标志 / 不规则过去分词]
- 记忆口诀：看到标志想时态，看到主语想三单，看到完成想 have done。
把这张 cheat sheet 打印出来贴在书桌前，做题前扫一眼。一周后你会发现它已经长在脑子里了。
㉗ 与其他语法点的联系
- 时态要和时间状语一致：看到 yesterday 用过去，看到 already 用完成。
- 主谓一致：第三人称单数主语，一般现在时动词加 s。
- 被动语态：be + 过去分词，时态由 be 动词体现。
- 从句中的时态：主句过去时，从句通常也用过去时（间接引语规则）。
- 情态动词后永远接动词原形，不管主语是谁。
㉘ 教师批注：这个语法点怎么考
小托福语言形式与含义部分（Language Form and Meaning）约 30 道题，每题给一个句子挖空，从四个选项中选正确变形。监考老师多年经验：80% 的题可以靠"标志词"秒选——看到 every day 就一般现在，看到 yesterday 就一般过去，看到 already 就现在完成，看到 if + 现在就第一类条件句。剩下 20% 考不规则变形和主谓一致，必须靠背。
阅读部分考这个语法点时，通常不直接问"这是什么时态"，而是问"这句话暗示了什么"或"为什么作者用这个词"。这时你要识别：被动语态 = 强调动作而不是人；现在完成 = 强调对现在的影响；情态动词 = 表达建议/规则/可能性。
考场提醒：涂卡前再扫一眼主语是不是第三人称单数，动词有没有加 s；否定句和疑问句里助动词后面的动词是不是原形。这两个错误中国学生每年丢分最多。