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知识点深化 · 语法 · 小白第一课

复杂时态：have been doing / had done / had been doing 的时间定位

Unit 7 经历与变化，B2 要把时态从一般完成升级到完成进行时和过去完成时。Use of English Part 2/4 高频考 have been doing（持续到现在）、had done（过去的过去）。

① 这一课怎么学（小白 4 步法）

总用时约 70 分钟，B2 比 A2 多花 10 分钟在「辨析」上，拆成 4 步：

1读（20 分钟）
先看第②③④部分：完成进行表持续、过去完成表先于过去、时态时间轴。别背，先看懂规则和例句。
2练（20 分钟）
做第⑥⑩部分题目，错了就回头看对应规则，把错因写在错题本上。
3背（15 分钟）
背第⑧部分背诵卡：10 个 B2 必备句型 + 口语模板，背到脱口而出。
4说（15 分钟）
做第⑨部分口语练习，大声读、录下来回听，对标 FCE Speaking Part 2/4。
B2 这一课的小目标学完你要做到三件事：① 在时间轴上正确定位现在完成进行、过去完成、过去完成进行；② 做 3 道 Use of English（Part 2/3/4）题型题全对；③ 用英语就这个知识点说 1 分钟，考官挑不出 B1 级别的错误。

② 一图看懂全课（思维导图）

复杂时态 5 大块。先有地图再走路。

复杂时态综合
完成进行 / 过去完成
→
现在完成进行
I have been working since nine.
→
过去完成
I had left before she arrived.
→
过去完成进行
I had been waiting for an hour.
→
vs 现在完成
I have read it.（完成）vs I have been reading.
→
时间标志
since/for/before/by the time

读法：从根出发，5 大块顺序走。每块下面是小节点，全记住你就通关 FCE 这一课。

③ 先认识它：复杂时态到底是什么

一句话：完成进行时 = have/had been + doing，强调动作一直在持续；过去完成 had done = 过去的过去，在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。

时间轴记忆：现在完成进行（从过去持续到现在还在做）；过去完成（在过去某点之前已做完）；过去完成进行（在过去某点之前一直做）。by the time / before 是过去完成标志。

过去 → 现在 → 将来过去完成现在完成进行现在/将来
写作拉分时态用 Ive been learning English for years 比 I learn English 高级；By the time we arrived, the film had started. 立刻显 B2。
状态动词不用进行know/love/believe 一般不用进行时：I have known her（不说 have been knowing）。

④ 完整体系：复杂时态全表

时态结构例句
现在完成进行have/has been + doingI have been waiting for hours.
过去完成had + p.p.When I arrived, the train had left.
过去完成进行had been + doingHe had been working all day before he rested.
现在完成have + p.p.I have finished it.（结果）

时间标志词

标志时态
since / for / all morning完成/完成进行
before / by the time / already过去完成

⑤ 用法场景全解（配图记忆）

场景例句记忆点
1 持续到现在It has been raining all day.现在完成进行
2 过去的过去She had already left when I arrived.过去完成
3 一直做到过去They had been travelling for a week.过去完成进行
4 结果 vs 持续I have read the book.（读完）/ I have been reading.（在读）对比
5 by the timeBy the time we got there, it had started.过去完成
have been doing vs have donehave read = 读完了（结果）；have been reading = 一直在读（可能没读完）。持续动作用进行，状态结果用一般完成。
have been doing持续到现在
had done过去的过去
had been doing一直做到过去
by the time过去完成标志

⑥ 中国学生 5 大高频错误诊断

错误 1：状态动词用完成进行
✗ Ive been knowing her for years. → ✓ I have known her.
错误 2：过去完成缺参照过去时
必须先有一个过去动作作参照：After I had finished, I went out。
错误 3：现在完成进行漏 been
✗ I have working. → ✓ I have been working.
错误 4：have done 与 have been doing 混
结果用 have done；持续用 have been doing。
错误 5：by the time 时态错
By the time + 过去时，主句用过去完成 had done。

⑦ FCE 考点与真题演练（Use of English 三题型）

题型怎么考应对
Part 2填 have been / had / been找时间标志定位
Part 4时态改写、for/since 转换持续用进行，结果用一般完成
Writing描述经历与变化完成进行体现持续感

真题风格演练（FCE B2 出题方式）

真题风格 · FCE Part 2open cloze：My eyes are tired because I ________ been studying for six hours.
have。现在完成进行 have been doing，持续到现在眼睛累。
真题风格 · FCE Part 4key word transformation：When I got to the station, the train left. → When I got to the station, the train ________. (ALREADY)
had already left。离开发生在到达之前，过去完成。
真题风格 · FCE Part 2open cloze：By the time the doctor arrived, the patient ________ been waiting for an hour.
had。过去完成进行 had been doing。
考场提分提醒看到 for/since/all day 持续时间→完成/完成进行；看到 by the time/before/already 且有过去参照→过去完成。状态动词（know/love）不用进行。

⑧ 背诵内容：10 个 B2 必备句型 + 口语模板

每天背 3-4 句，3 天背完。背的时候大声读，边读边想 B2 语境，别死记单词。

1. I have been learning English for five years. 我学英语已经五年了。
2. She had already left when I phoned. 我打电话时她已经走了。
3. It has been raining since morning. 从早上就一直在下雨。
4. They had been working all day before they finished. 他们一直干了一整天才完成。
5. I have read that book twice. 那本书我读过两遍。
6. By the time we arrived, the film had started. 我们到的时候电影已经开始了。
7. He was tired because he had been running. 他很累，因为他一直在跑步。
8. We have been waiting for ages. 我们等了好久了。
9. She had never seen the sea before that trip. 那次旅行前她从没见过海。
10. There are those who say they have been learning for years, but I would argue that regular practice matters more. 有人说他们学了好几年，但我认为规律练习更重要。
FCE Writing 经历描述模板
I have been studying English for several years. Before that, I had never realised how much vocabulary matters. By the time I took the exam, I had been preparing for months, and it paid off.

⑨ 口语练习：说出来才算会

练习 A · 跟读（2 分钟）
跟着上面背诵卡读 3 遍：第一遍慢读看发音，第二遍正常速度，第三遍不看文字凭记忆说。
练习 B · 自我对话（3 分钟）
Q: How long have you been learning English? → A: I have been learning it for three years.
Q: Were you tired yesterday? → A: Yes, I had been working all day.
Q: Had you visited the city before? → A: No, I had never been there.
练习 C · 挑战 · FCE Speaking Part 2 长话短说（2 分钟）
不看稿，1 分钟比较两张图（一人刚到 / 一人已等很久），用现在完成进行和过去完成各一句。
口语评分自查（对标 FCE 四维度）说完后对 4 条：① 语法准确度；② 词汇丰富度（本课 B2 词块）；③ 连贯与衔接（连接词）；④ 发音清晰。四条全过 = 这关过了。

考场示范对话（读熟就能套）

A: Youre out of breath!
B: Ive been running to catch the bus.
A: Did you miss it?
B: No, but by the time I got to the stop, it had already gone.
A：你气喘吁吁的！/ B：我一直在跑着赶公交。/ A：没赶上？/ B：赶上了，但我到站时它已经开走了。

⑩ 分层练习 18 题（含答案与解析）

基础 1填空：I have ___ (work) here since 2020.
been working。现在完成进行。
基础 2填空：When I arrived, the train ___ (leave).
had left。过去完成。
基础 3填空：It has been ___ (rain) all day.
raining。
基础 4改错：I have been knowing her for years.
→ I have known her（状态动词）。
基础 5填空：By the time we arrived, it ___ (start).
had started。
基础 6翻译：我等了一小时 → I have ___ ___ for an hour.
been waiting。
进阶 7持续/结果：I ___ (read) the book.（已读完）
have read。
进阶 8持续/结果：I ___ (read) for two hours.（在读）
have been reading。
进阶 9过去完成进行：He was tired because he ___ ___ (drive).
had been driving。
进阶 10改错：I have working all day.
→ I have been working。
进阶 11填空：After I ___ (finish), I went out.
had finished。
进阶 12选词：She was hungry. She ___ (hadnt eaten / hasnt eaten) all day.
hadnt eaten（过去参照）。
挑战 13 · Part 2open cloze：My clothes are wet — I ________ been gardening in the rain.
have。现在完成进行，衣服湿了是结果。
挑战 14 · Part 4key word：I started working here five years ago. I still work here. → I ________ for five years. (BEEN)
have been working here。现在完成进行。
挑战 15 · Part 2open cloze：He told me he ________ never visited the US before.
had。过去完成，在 told 之前没去过。
挑战 16 · 改错 2 处I have been knowing him for years, and by the time he arrived I have waited for hours.
① have been knowing → have known；② have waited → had waited。
挑战 17 · 写作用过去完成写一句先发生的事。
参考：By the time I got to station, the train had left.
挑战 18 · 口语1 分钟比较两张图（刚到 vs 已等很久），用完成进行和过去完成。
参考：The person on the left has just arrived; the one on the right has been waiting for ages and was tired because he had been standing so long.

⑪ 记忆口诀与 7 天复习计划

三句口诀
① have been doing=持续到现在；had done=过去的过去。
② for/since→完成进行；by the time/before→过去完成。
③ 状态动词 know/love 不用进行。

7 天复习计划（配合 FCE Unit 7）

天任务自检
第 1 天背变形/词族表 + 做基础 1-6全对即可
第 2 天做进阶 7-12 + 重做错题错题重做全对
第 3 天挑战 13-18（含 UoE 三题型）Part 4 改写拿分
第 4 天回看考点表，做 1 篇 FCE UoE Part 2/3本课相关空全对
第 5-7 天每天口头说 1 分钟本课主题（Part 2 风格）口语流利不卡壳
B2 考场延伸：本课在 FCE 四张卷里怎么拿分

Reading & Use of English Part 2（open cloze）遇到本课考点，先读整句判断词性与逻辑，再回填；Part 3（word formation）务必先判断空格需要名词、形容词还是副词，再决定加 -tion / -ive / -ly 等后缀；Part 4（key word transformation）必须用上题干给出的大写提示词，改写后保持原意、控制在两到三个词的答案长度。Writing（作文/邮件/文章）里把本课结构和词汇自然嵌入一段，比堆难词更能拿 Grammar 和 Vocabulary 分；每段用一个连接词串起句间逻辑。Speaking Part 2 用本课词做一分钟图片比较，先总述两张图的共同点，再逐项对比并给出个人倾向；Part 4 与搭档讨论时，先回应对方观点再补充，避免只说自己的话。

复习节奏建议：当天先看懂「本质」和「形式表」，再做分层练习的基础 6 题；第二天重做错题并挑战 Part 2/3/4 真题风格题；第三天起每天用本课句型口头造三句，直到不看背诵卡也能流利说出。错题不要只抄答案，要在旁边写出错因（词性、搭配、时态还是介词），考前只看错因清单即可。

小白常见误区再提醒

第一次学 B2 时，最容易犯的错不是不会，而是把 PET 的旧习惯直接搬上来：写作通篇用 and / but / so 连句，口语只会说 very good / very nice，该用名词的地方硬塞一个形容词。请记住，B2 评分看的是「能不能在正确的地方用对形式」，不是「认识多少难词」。一个用对的 however 比三个生僻词更得分。

另一个高频失分点是「中式直译」：把中文意思逐字翻成英文，结果介词、冠词、单复数全错。拿不准的搭配，优先背整句而不是背单词——本页背诵卡里的十句话就是现成语料，先跟读、再脱稿复述、最后换到自己生活里造新句。这样练出来的表达才不会在考场上卡壳。

最后提醒：Use of English 是「写对形式」，不是「写对意思」。Part 3 的空就算猜得出中文意思，填错词性照样不得分。动笔前先用一秒钟判断空格前后需要什么词性，再变形。

一句话自测：合上书你会吗

合上书，用三句话回答：① 本课结构/词族的核心规则是什么？② 最容易写错的一处形式是哪里？③ 我能不假思索说出背诵卡第 1、5、10 句吗？三句都能答出来，这一课才算真正过关；答不出就回到「本质」和「形式表」再看一遍，不要急着往下学。B2 不是靠刷页数堆出来的，而是靠每一课都能用自己的话讲清楚。

考前一周怎么用本页

考前一周不要刷新题，把本页的「三句口诀」「错误清单」「真题风格 3 题」和「背诵卡」过三遍：第一遍看懂规则，第二遍遮住答案重做错题，第三遍只看口诀口述例句。Part 4 key word transformation 尤其要限时练，每题不超过 90 秒，写完对照答案看是否用上了提示词、是否保持原意。

学完本课的标志

能在不看任何笔记的情况下，用本课结构和词汇就本单元主题说满一分钟、写对三句话、做对 Part 2/3/4 各一题，就算达标。

别跳过错题

每道错题都标清错因，考前只看错因清单。

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