FCE 你会 who/which/that 限定性从句；CAE 升级到非限定性从句（补充说明，加逗号）、介词+which/whom、which 指代整个句子、whose / where / when。这是 Unit 1 人物描写和 Reading Part 4 的核心。
① 这一课怎么学（C1 冲刺 4 步法）
总用时约 90 分钟，拆成 4 步，一步都别跳：
1读（20 分钟） 看第③④部分：限定和非限定的区别，介词怎么提前，which 什么时候指整句。
2练（25 分钟） 做第⑥⑩部分，重点 that vs which、逗号陷阱。
3背（20 分钟） 背第⑧部分 10 个关系从句句型。
4说（25 分钟） 口语 Part 2 用 who/which 定语从句描述人物和图片。
本课的小目标学完你要能：① 正确加逗号写非限定从句；② 把 The house in which I live 这类介词从句写对；③ 用 which 指代前面整句话；④ 区分 that（限定）和 which（非限定）。
② 一图看懂全课（思维导图）
这张图就是本课的完整地图：关系从句共五大块：限定 vs 非限定、介词+whom/which、which 整句指、whose/where、关系词省略。
关系从句
完整体系
→
限定性
that/which
无逗号
不可省意
→
非限定性
who/which
有逗号
补充说明
→
介词+wh-
in which
with whom
of which
→
which 整句指
..., which
指代全句
→
whose/where
whose
where
when
→
读法：从根出发，五大块顺序走，每块下面是小节点，全记住你就通关了。
③ 先认识它：复杂关系从句到底是什么
一句话：关系从句 = 用 who/which/that/whose/where 修饰前面的名词。限定性（The man who lives next door is a doctor）不加逗号、不能删；非限定性（My father, who is 60, enjoys gardening）加逗号、只是补充。
C1 升级点：① 介词 + which/whom：the house in which I live = the house which I live in；② which 指代整句：He passed the exam, which surprised everyone（这件事让大家意外）；③ whose 表所属：a writer whose books I love。
为什么它是 C1 拿分点Reading Part 4 多选的长难句全靠拆关系从句；Writing 用非限定从句和 which 整句指，立刻显高级。
④ 完整体系表
复杂关系从句全表：
结构
规则
例句
限定性
that/which/who，无逗号
The book that you lent me is great.
非限定性
which/who，有逗号，不用 that
My boss, who is French, speaks four languages.
介词+which/whom
介词提前
The house in which I was born. The man to whom I spoke.
which 指整句
句末 which，前面整句
He resigned, which shocked us all.
whose / where / when
所属/地点/时间
The author whose novel won. A town where I grew up.
必背细节① 非限定性从句不能用 that，也不能省关系词。② 介词提前后指人用 whom，指物用 which。③ 逗号一改变意思：My brother who lives in London（暗示有几个兄弟）vs My brother, who lives in London（只有一个）。
⑤ 用法场景全解
场景
例句
记忆点
人物介绍
She is a writer whose novels are translated worldwide.
whose 表所属
事物补充
The report, which took months, was finally published.
非限定
整句评价
He refused to help, which was very rude.
which 指整件事
地点
The café where we first met has closed.
= in which
正式介词
The person to whom the letter was addressed never received it.
1. My grandmother, who is 82, still walks five kilometres daily. 我祖母 82 岁了，仍每天走五公里。
2. That is the house where I spent my childhood. 那就是我度过童年的房子。
3. She is the author whose books have sold millions. 她是作品销量数百万的作家。
4. He finally got the job, which made his parents proud. 他终于得到那份工作，这让父母骄傲。
5. The person to whom you should speak is the manager. 你该找的人是经理。
6. The report, which took six months, was published last week. 那份耗时六个月的报告上周发表了。
7. I met a man whose wife works in your company. 我遇到一个人，他妻子在你们公司工作。
8. The café where we used to meet has closed down. 我们以前常聚的咖啡馆关门了。
9. This is the mistake for which I am truly sorry. 这就是我深感抱歉的错误。
10. He refused to apologise, which annoyed everyone. 他拒绝道歉，这惹恼了所有人。
⑨ 口语练习：说出来才算会
练习 A · 跟读（3 分钟）
跟着背诵卡读 3 遍，重点练非限定从句的逗号停顿（口语里也用停顿体现）。
练习 B · 自我对话（4 分钟）
Q: Tell me about someone you admire. → A: I admire my uncle, who started his own business at 30.
Q: Describe this picture. → A: The man, whose dog is running beside him, looks very happy.
Q: Where did you grow up? → A: A small town where everyone knew each other.
练习 C · 挑战（3 分钟）
不看稿子，用非限定从句说 30 秒介绍一个你认识的人，至少用 who/whose 各一次。
口语评分自查① 非限定从句加逗号了吗？② 用 who 不用 that 吗？③ 有没有重复主语？
考场示范（读熟就能套）
Examiner: Let us talk about someone important to you.
You: The person I most admire is my grandmother, who is 82. She lives in a small village where she has lived all her life. She has a warmth which makes everyone feel welcome. Her garden, which she tends every morning, is beautiful.