CAE 单元 2 · Environment & Future

这个单元有 5 章：原创课文《假如当年没有工业革命》、词汇延展（气候、能源与生态词族）、语法延展（混合/非真实条件句：错综时间、But for / Were it not for、I wish）、功能句型（写作建议类 Essay + 口语 Part 3 协作协商）、CAE 考点与 8 题自测。

学完你能：写出"如果当年早行动，现在气候就稳定"这种错综时间虚拟；在口语 Part 3 里和搭档就该不该建风电协商出结论。

预计时间：1 周。

衔接说明：你在 FCE 已会第二条件句；本单元升级成"过去条件影响现在结果"的混合虚拟，以及 But for / Were it not for 这类 C1 标志句型。

本单元思维导图 · 从环保新闻到错综时间虚拟

环境单元 = 生态词族 + 混合虚拟语气。课文假设如果当年没工业化，词汇按气候/能源/后果分组，语法攻克 If I had known...I would... 的错综时态。

第1章 课文
假如当年没有
→
第2章 词汇
气候与能源词族
→
第3章 语法
混合/非真实条件句
→
第4章 句型
Essay + 口语Part3
→
第5章 考点
自测 8 题
读法：课文三遍 → 词族背 → 语法造句 → 表态句型 → 自测。语法点可点开深化页系统学。
01

主题课文 · 假如当年没有工业革命

Had We Listened Earlier
原创课文，narrator 是一名环境政策研究生，在 seminar 上做假设推演。C1 难度，混合虚拟语气密集——第 3 章逐个拆。

课文 · Had We Listened Earlier

（可参看「混合虚拟语气」深化页）
Had the world taken climate scientists seriously as early as the 1980s, many of the crises we now face would never have come to pass. But for the relentless expansion of fossil-fuel infrastructure, coastal cities would not be facing the flooding that increasingly dominates the news. It is worth imagining a parallel history: if governments had invested in renewables back then, the energy system would now be cleaner, and whole ecosystems would not be on the verge of collapse. Were it not for short-term electoral thinking, politicians would have taxed carbon decades ago. I wish it were otherwise, of course; if only we had known then what we know now. Yet blaming the past helps little. What matters is that, were we to act decisively this decade, the worst outcomes could still be averted. Had we hesitated any longer, that window would already have closed.
假如世界早在二十世纪八十年代就认真对待气候科学家，我们今天面临的许多危机本就不会发生。要不是化石燃料基础设施无休止地扩张，沿海城市也不会面对日益霸占新闻的洪涝。值得设想一段平行历史：如果各国政府当年投资可再生能源，如今的能源系统会更清洁，整个生态系统也不会濒临崩溃。要不是出于短期选举考量，政客们几十年前就该对碳征税了。我当然希望情况并非如此；要是当时我们能知道现在所知道的一切就好了。然而责怪过去于事无补。重要的是：倘若我们在这十年果断行动，最坏的结果仍可避免。要是我们再犹豫，那扇窗口本就已经关闭了。
本课核心词：take seriously, fossil fuel, coastal, flooding, renewables, ecosystem, collapse, electoral, carbon, avert, decisive, window

课文精讲 · C1 怎么把句子写学术

论为什么这段课文是混合虚拟语气教材

FCE 写法（单一时间）：If we had acted earlier, we would have solved it.（过去→过去）

C1 写法（错综时间）：If governments had invested in renewables back then, the energy system would now be cleaner.（过去条件→现在结果）

升级点 1 — 倒装省略 if：Had the world taken scientists seriously... = If the world had taken...。正式文体把 had/were 提前。

升级点 2 — But for / Were it not for：But for the expansion of fossil fuels...（要不是…）。

考试怎么考：Part 4：I regret not acting earlier → I wish I had acted；Without your help → But for your help。

记
这一章要记住的 5 个搭配

① take something seriously 认真对待

② on the verge of collapse 濒临崩溃

③ avert the worst outcomes 避免最坏结果

④ But for / Were it not for 要不是…

⑤ close a window 关上（行动）窗口

02

词汇延展 · 气候与能源词族

Climate & Energy
C1 写环保不能只用 pollution / dirty air。要把排放、生态、缓解、可再生四组学术词配齐。Part 3 爱考 sustainable→sustainability, emit→emissions。

四组词族

环境主题词族（C1 高频）
组核心词搭配/备注
排放与污染emissions, carbon footprint, depletion, contaminantcut emissions 减排
生态biodiversity, ecosystem, habitat, extinction, fragileon the verge of extinction 濒临灭绝
能源renewable, solar, wind, fossil fuel, grid, infrastructureinvest in renewables 投资可再生能源
行动与后果mitigate, adapt, avert, consequences, irreversiblemitigate the effects 缓解影响
高频陷阱

① environmental vs environmentalist：environmental = 环境的；environmentalist = 环保主义者。

② affect/effect：affect vt. 影响；effect n. 效果。

③ reduce vs alleviate：reduce = 减少数量；alleviate = 减轻严重程度（alleviate poverty）。

④ rise/arise：problems arise；sea levels rise。

03

语法延展 · 混合/非真实条件句（错综时间 / But for / I wish）

Mixed & Unreal Conditionals
C1 条件句的标志是错综：过去条件配现在结果，现在条件配将来结果。再加上省略 if 的倒装、But for / Were it not for、I wish / If only，构成 Use of English Part 4 的重灾区。

C1 条件句全表

混合虚拟语气结构
结构规则例子
错综：过→现If + 过去完成, would + 动词原形If we had invested then, the system would be clean now.
错综：现→过If + 过去式, would have doneIf he were smarter, he would have taken the offer.
省略 if 倒装Had/Were + 主语..., ...Had we listened earlier, we would have avoided this.
But for / Were it not for要不是…（后接名词）But for your help, I would have failed.
I wish / If only与事实相反的愿望I wish I had known then.
最高频陷阱

① 错综时间别套错：过去条件配现在结果用 would + 动词原形，不是 would have done。

② 省略 if 时 had/were 提前：✅ Had I known you...（be 动词用 Were I...）。

③ But for 后接名词，不是句子：But for the rain，不是 But for it rained。

考试怎么考：Part 4：I regret not telling her → I wish I had told her。

情景操练

即学即用

练习1（错综时间）：① If we ___ (act) a century ago, the climate ___ (be) stable now.　② If he ___ (be) more careful, he ___ (not crash) the car yesterday.

练习2（省略 if 倒装）：① If I had known the risks, I would not have invested. → ___ the risks, I would not have invested.　② If she were here, she would help. → ___ here, she would help.

练习3（KWT）：① I regret not studying medicine. → I wish I ___ medicine.　② Without your support, I would have given up. → ___ your support, I would have given up.

查看参考答案
  • 练习1：① had acted...would be　② had been...would not have crashed
  • 练习2：① Had I known　② Were she
  • 练习3：① had studied　② But for
04

功能句型 · 建议类 Essay + 口语 Part 3 协作

Proposals & Collaborative Task
CAE Writing Part 2 常考 proposal/report 提建议；口语 Part 3 要和搭档就环保方案协商并达成结论。三套模板 + 考场对话。

三套句型模板

提建议（Proposal）
It is essential that governments (should) invest in renewables. Measures should be taken to curb emissions. Were this policy adopted, the results would be tangible within a decade.
政府必须投资可再生能源／应采取措施减排／倘若采纳这项政策，十年内可见实效
考点：建议类文体要用被动与虚拟（It is essential that... / measures should be taken），这是 C1 正式文体标志。
假设推演（Essay）
Had we acted earlier, ... But for ..., ... would not ... If only ..., ...
假如我们早行动…／要不是…本不会…／要是…就好了
考点：建议类文体要用被动与虚拟（It is essential that... / measures should be taken），这是 C1 正式文体标志。
口语 Part 3 协商
Shall we agree that ... is the priority? I take your point, but would not ... be more effective? Let us weigh the options: on the one hand..., on the other...
我们是否同意…优先？／我同意你的看法，但…不是更有效吗？／我们权衡一下
考点：建议类文体要用被动与虚拟（It is essential that... / measures should be taken），这是 C1 正式文体标志。

场景对话 · 口语 Part 3 协作（城市该不该建风电）

Examiner: Here are some options for making our city greener. Talk together about how effective each would be, and decide which two to prioritise. Student A: Right. We have rooftop solar, a tram line, cycle lanes and a ban on single-use plastics. I take your point about cycle lanes, but would not the tram line be more effective, since it cuts emissions on a much larger scale? Student B: I am not so sure. Were the tram line built, it would take years and disturb traffic throughout construction. If only we could do something faster. What about rooftop solar? It is cheap and immediate. Student A: Good point. Shall we agree that rooftop solar and the tram line are the two priorities? Solar acts fast, the tram delivers the long-term cut. Student B: Agreed. We would trade cycle lanes for now—had they been built already, they would matter more, but as a new investment they are slower than solar.
考官：这里有几个让城市更绿色的方案。你们一起讨论每个方案的效果，并决定优先哪两个。／A：好。有屋顶太阳能、有轨电车、自行车道、一次性塑料禁令。我同意自行车道，但有轨电车不是更有效吗？它减排规模大得多。／B：我不太确定。要是建有轨电车，要好几年，施工期间还会扰乱交通。要是我们能做些更快的就好了。屋顶太阳能怎么样？便宜又即时。／A：有道理。我们是否同意优先屋顶太阳能和有轨电车？太阳能见效快，电车提供长期减排。／B：同意。自行车道先放一放——要是它们早就建好了会更重要，但作为新投资，它们比太阳能慢。
得分点：① 协商标志句（Shall we agree / I take your point）齐全；② 嵌了混合虚拟（Were the tram line built / If only / Had they been built）；③ 最后明确达成两项优先——Part 3 必须有 conclusion。
05

CAE 考点 · 环境与未来主题怎么考 + 自测

Exam Focus & Self-Test
环境主题横跨 CAE 四张卷子：阅读考气候政策类文章、Use of English 考虚拟语气与词形转换、Writing Part 2 考 proposal、Speaking Part 3 协商环保方案。考点 + 8 题自测。

考点分布表

环境与未来主题考点
卷子/部分题型示例应对策略
Reading & Use Part 2开放完形：填 had/but/were/if识别非真实条件倒装
Reading & Use Part 3词形转换：sustain→sustainable→sustainability判断要形容词还是名词
Reading & Use Part 4KWT：I regret→I wish I had / Without→But for2–5 词，错综虚拟
Writing Part 2Proposal：建议投资可再生能源It is essential that... + 虚拟
Speaking Part 3协商优先两项环保措施Shall we agree + 混合虚拟

本单元自测 · 8 题

环境与未来自测

1（开放完形 Part 2）：Had the world listened earlier, many crises ___ never have happened.

2（词形转换 Part 3）：___ development requires long-term investment. (sustain)

3（KWT Part 4）：I regret not acting sooner. → I wish I ___ sooner.

4（改错）：If I would have known, I would have come.

5（填空）：___ for your help, I would have failed.（要不是）

6（易混）：The new law will ___ thousands of jobs. (affect / effect)

7（写作）：用 It is essential that governments (should) ... 写一句 proposal 建议。

8（口语）：用 Shall we agree that ... is the priority? 和搭档协商一个环保方案。

查看参考答案
  • would（Had + 主语 + 过去分词, would have done）
  • Sustainable（sustainable development 可持续发展）
  • had acted
  • If I had known（虚拟条件句不用 would have）
  • But（But for your help）
  • affect（vt. 影响；effect 是名词）
  • It is essential that governments (should) invest in renewables before it is too late.
  • Shall we agree that rooftop solar is the priority? I take your point about the tram, but solar acts faster.
自评：错 2 题以上，回第 2、3 章重读词族表与语法表。

CAE 衔接 · 虚拟语气之后是什么

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