TOEFL iBT 写作 单元 2 · Integrated Templates
这个单元有 5 章：满分范文逐句批注、开头结尾模板、三种反驳姿态、20 分钟时间分配、套题写作。
学完你能：照着骨架在 20 分钟内写出一篇结构标准、对应清楚的 180 词综合作文。
预计时间：5 天。
前后衔接：上接 Unit1 笔记法，下接 Unit3 独立写作（话题从「转述」切换到「自己表态」）。
本单元思维导图 · 五步通关
先把题型拆明白，再练解题动作，接着盯死易错点，然后把模板背成肌肉记忆，最后用一套真题自测验收。五步走完，这个 Task 就是你的拿手好戏。
读法：每章都先读"为什么"再动手，口语章节请把英文示范大声跟读并录音，写完/说完立刻对照答案。每章标题旁的绿色"一键作业"按钮可针对该章单独出题。
01
题型拆解 · 一篇满分范文逐句看
Sample Essay
拿「化石是否保存外形」当套题，逐句批注一篇 185 词满分范文。
先想一个问题
上一单元你学会了「阅读半句+听力一句」的骨架。这一单元把它升级成一篇完整范文：开头怎么点题、三段怎么衔接、结尾要不要写。我们拿「化石是否真正保存了恐龙外形」当套题，逐句批注给你看。
一篇满分综合范文长什么样（可参看 阅读-听力反驳逻辑矩阵 深化页）
The reading argues that fossils of dinosaurs can accurately preserve their external appearance. However, the lecture casts doubt on this by giving three counterexamples.
First, the reading claims that fossilized skin shows the true color and texture. The professor refutes this, pointing out that the pigments break down over millions of years; the colors we see are actually minerals that replaced the original material.
Second, the reading states that fossil feathers reveal how dinosaurs looked in life. The lecture counters this with evidence that those feather marks are simply bacteria colonies left on the rock, not real feathers.
Finally, the reading believes the skeleton tells us the body shape. But the professor argues that the muscles and skin between bones are lost, so we can only guess the actual outline.
First, the reading claims that fossilized skin shows the true color and texture. The professor refutes this, pointing out that the pigments break down over millions of years; the colors we see are actually minerals that replaced the original material.
Second, the reading states that fossil feathers reveal how dinosaurs looked in life. The lecture counters this with evidence that those feather marks are simply bacteria colonies left on the rock, not real feathers.
Finally, the reading believes the skeleton tells us the body shape. But the professor argues that the muscles and skin between bones are lost, so we can only guess the actual outline.
（约 185 词）阅读主张恐龙化石能准确保存外形。然而讲座用三个反例反驳。第一，阅读说化石皮肤显示真实颜色质地；教授反驳色素在百万年间分解，我们看到的颜色其实是替代原物的矿物质。第二，阅读说化石羽毛展示真实外形；讲座反驳那些羽毛痕迹只是岩石上的细菌群，不是真羽毛。最后，阅读认为骨骼能说明体型；但教授反驳骨骼间的肌肉皮肤已消失，只能猜测真实轮廓。
批注：① 开头 2 句点「阅读主张 vs 讲座反驳」；② 三段严格「First/Second/Finally」对齐；③ 每段阅读只半句，听力给完整证据；④ 全文没有一句 I think。约 185 词，完美落在区间。
02
解题策略 · 开头与段间模板
Templates
开头三选一，结尾不用写；反驳动词轮换避免重复。
开头与结尾模板（可参看 写作模板句型库 深化页）
开头三选一：
• The reading passage argues that ___, while the professor in the lecture challenges this viewpoint.
• The reading puts forward three points supporting ___, but the lecture contradicts each of them.
• Both the reading and the lecture discuss ___, yet the lecture casts doubt on the reading's claims.
• The reading passage argues that ___, while the professor in the lecture challenges this viewpoint.
• The reading puts forward three points supporting ___, but the lecture contradicts each of them.
• Both the reading and the lecture discuss ___, yet the lecture casts doubt on the reading's claims.
批注：开头只写 2 句，别铺陈。综合写作不需要专门结尾段——第三段写完反驳自然结束，硬加结尾反而浪费时间、容易出错。
段间反驳动词库（替换 refutes，避免重复）：
refute / challenge / contradict / question / undermine / cast doubt on / provide evidence against
refute / challenge / contradict / question / undermine / cast doubt on / provide evidence against
批注：三段别全用 refutes，轮换使用显得语言有变化——这是 Language Use 拿分的小细节。
03
考点易错 · 三种反驳姿态
Rebuttal Types
直接反驳/替代解释/质疑证据，看清听力是哪一种。
套题常见题型与对应
| 听力姿态 | 信号词 | 你要写 |
|---|---|---|
| 直接反驳 | However / but / actually | 教授说事实相反 |
| 给出替代解释 | the real reason is / it's caused by | 教授提出别的原因 |
| 质疑证据可靠性 | the evidence is unreliable / outdated | 教授说阅读证据站不住 |
易错 · 字数失控
写到 260 词以上，往往是阅读抄多了。记住：阅读总共占 1 句（开头）+ 每段半句，其余都是听力。卡住字数就删阅读复述。
04
模板输出 · 20 分钟时间表
Time Plan
列提纲 2 分钟、写 13 分钟、检查 3 分钟、数词 2 分钟。
20 分钟时间怎么分配
| 时间 | 动作 |
|---|---|
| 0–2 分钟 | 对着笔记列提纲：开头句 + 三段反驳点 |
| 2–15 分钟 | 写开头+三段，每段约 4 分钟 |
| 15–18 分钟 | 检查：三个反驳都在吗？阅读半句有吗？有没有写 I think？ |
| 18–20 分钟 | 数词数，不足 150 就给某段补一个听力细节 |
05
真题自测 · 美洲移民套题
Self Test
20 分钟写一篇完整综合作文。
真题自测 · 套一篇
综合写作套题
话题：阅读认为「早期人类移居美洲靠陆地桥」；教授反驳：①陆地桥当时被冰盖封住不可通行 ②石器风格与亚洲不符 ③有更早的海岸航行证据。
任务：20 分钟内写 150–225 词，用开头+三段骨架。
查看范文开头
- The reading claims that early humans reached the Americas via a land bridge. The lecture, however, challenges this in three ways.
- First, the reading says the bridge was passable; the professor points out it was actually blocked by ice sheets at that time.
- Second, the reading links the stone tools to Asia; the lecture notes their style does not match Asian artifacts.
- Finally, the reading ignores earlier evidence of coastal boat travel, which the professor says better explains the migration.
官方资源 · ETS TOEFL
📚 ETS 官方免费资源（本课程只链接、不复制正文）
- ETS TOEFL iBT 官方考试页（含官方样题与评分标准 Rubric）
- TOEFL iBT 官方备考资源
- TOEFL 官方 YouTube 频道（真人示范答题）
本课程答题示范为同题型原创内容，结构与官方 0–4 分评分标准对齐。