4讲出来(10 分钟) 用费曼三问讲清:什么时候只能用 that、where 和 which 怎么分。
一图看懂本课
定语从句:who / which / that / whose / where / when
→
关系代词
who 人
which 物
that 人/物
whose 谁的
→
关系副词
where 地点
when 时间
→
限制性
无逗号
可用 that
作宾语可省
→
非限制性
有逗号
不用 that
补充信息
必背核心规则
1. 结构:先行词(名词)+ 关系词 + 从句。关系词代替先行词在从句中充当成分。
2. 指人作主语/宾语:who;指物作主语/宾语:which;指人指物都可:that。
3. 表所属「谁的」:whose(人 / 物都可)。
4. 表地点作状语:where;表时间作状语:when。
5. 非限制性从句用逗号隔开,补充说明,不能用 that,删掉句子仍完整。
6. 介词后只能用 which(物)/ whom(人):the house in which I live。
7. 关系代词作宾语可省:The book (that) I bought…;作主语不能省。
8. 先行词是 way/reason/time 时,常省略 that:the way (that) he spoke。
9. 非限制性从句补充人物身份/籍贯:My mom, who is a nurse, works hard.
用法速查:规则与例句对照
关系词
先行词
从句中成分
例句 (en)
中文
who
人
主语 / 宾语
The girl who is standing there is my sister.
站在那儿的女孩是我妹妹。
which
物
主语 / 宾语
The book which I bought is interesting.
我买的那本书很有趣。
that
人 / 物
主语 / 宾语
The man that you saw is my boss.
你看见的那个人是我老板。
whose
人 / 物
定语(…的)
The boy whose father is a doctor is my friend.
爸爸是医生的那个男孩是我朋友。
where
地点
地点状语
This is the house where I was born.
这是我出生的房子。
when
时间
时间状语
I remember the day when we first met.
我记得我们初次见面的那天。
限制性 vs 非限制性
限制性(不用逗号)
非限制性(用逗号)
作用
限定「哪一个」,删掉则意思不清
补充额外信息,删掉句意仍完整
能否用 that
可以
不能用 that
例句
Students who work hard will pass.(努力的学生才会过)
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.(我哥是医生,他住伦敦)
只能用 that 的常见情况
情况
例句
先行词被 all / everything / nothing / the only / the very 修饰
This is the only thing that matters.
先行词既有人又有物
We talked about the people and things that we remembered.
先行词被序数词 / 最高级修饰
It's the best film that I've ever seen.
高频定语从句速记
英文例句
中文
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
住隔壁的男人是医生。
The book which you lent me is great.
你借我的书很棒。
That's the girl whose bag was stolen.
那就是包被偷的女孩。
This is the city where I was born.
这是我出生的城市。
I remember the day when we met.
我记得见面那天。
He is the only person that I trust.
他是我唯一信任的人。
Beijing, which is huge, has many parks.
北京很大,有很多公园。
The house that we bought is old.
我们买的房子很旧。
考点清单(PET/初阶 FCE)
考点
常见考法
关系词选择
选 who/which/that/where/when
whose 表所属
whose + 名词结构填空
限制性 vs 非限制性
判断要不要加逗号
非限不能用 that
改错逗号后的 that
只能用 that
最高级/the only/人+物
关系代词作宾语省略
判断 that/which 能否省
where vs which
从句缺状语还是缺宾语
介词 + which/whom
in which / for whom
易混点辨析
表达
区别
who / whom
who 作主语;whom 作宾语(正式)
which / that
非限用 which;限定可互换
whose / who's
whose 表所属;who's = who is
where / which
从句缺状语用 where;缺宾语用 which
when / which
缺时间状语用 when;缺宾语用 which
介词 + which / that
介词后不能用 that
that 作关系副词省略
the day (that) we met
非限制性 which 指代整句
He was late, which annoyed me.
whose 指物
a house whose roof is red
介词提前 vs 句尾
the house in which I live = the house (that) I live in
强调句 it is…that
It was Tom that…(易与定从混)
what 不引导定从
what 引导名词性从句,不接先行词
例句精讲
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
住在隔壁的那个男人是医生。(who 指人作从句主语)
Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.
北京是中国的首都,它历史悠久。(非限制性,逗号隔开,不用 that)
I'll never forget the day when we first met.
我永远不会忘记我们初次见面的那一天。(when 表时间状语)
防坑三则① 关系词在从句中作宾语时可以省略:The book (that) I bought…;但作主语不能省。 ② 区分 where 和 which/that:从句主谓宾完整、缺地点状语用 where;从句缺主语或宾语用 which/that。 ③ 非限制性从句里绝不能用 that,逗号后指物用 which、指人用 who。
补充对照
关系词选择流程
先行词
从句缺什么
用哪个
人
主语 / 宾语
who / that
物
主语 / 宾语
which / that
人 / 物
定语「…的」
whose
地点名词
状语(从句主谓完整)
where
时间名词
状语(从句主谓完整)
when
介词后
物 / 人
which / whom
中国学生高频错误诊断
错误 1:非限制性用 that ✗ My dad, that is 50, likes golf. → ✓ My dad, who is 50, likes golf. 逗号后不能用 that。
错误 2:where 与 which 混淆 ✗ The city where I visited last year… → ✓ The city (which/that) I visited… 从句缺宾语用 which,缺状语才用 where。
错误 3:从句语序倒装 ✗ the place where is famous → ✓ the place where it is famous / the place which is famous. 从句用陈述语序。
记忆口诀
三句口诀① 先找先行词是人还是物,再看从句缺主语宾语还是状语。② 逗号隔开是非限制,that 立刻退场。③ 最高级、the only、人+物并列,只能请 that 出场。
口语跟读:说出来才算会
跟读 · 互译练习
The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.(which 作宾语,可省)
That's the house where I grew up.(where = in which)
My boss, who is very kind, often helps us.(非限制性,逗号隔开)
挑战:用 who / which / where 各造一个修饰你身边人或物的句子。
自测三题(点击按钮对答案)
basic填空:The girl ___ sings very well is my cousin. (who / which)
who。先行词 girl 指人,且在从句中作主语。
mid选词:This is the village ___ I grew up. (which / where)
where。从句 I grew up 主谓完整,缺地点状语,用 where。
hard改错:My father, that is 50 years old, works in a bank. 指出问题并改正。
that → who。非限制性定语从句(有逗号)不能用 that,指人用 who。
费曼三问:用你自己的话讲清楚
用你自己的话回答这三问① 怎么判断一个空该填 who / which / that / where?② 限制性和非限制性定语从句,除了逗号还有什么本质区别?③ 为什么 'the best film that I've ever seen' 里只能用 that?